transboundary diseases

Important Transboundary Aquatic Animal Diseases¹

Disease Pathogen Susceptible Hosts Geographic Distribution² OIE Status³ Remarks

Molluscan Diseases

Bonamiosis

(1) Bonamia ostrea

(2) Bonamia sp.

(1) Ostrea edulis, O. conchaphila, O. puelchana, O. angasi & Tiostrea chilensis

(2) O. angasi, O. denselammellosa & T. chilensis

(1) France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom (not Scotland), USA (California, Maine, Washington State)

(2) Australia, New Zealand
1
All species of Ostrea & Tiostreas and other ostreids are considered susceptible.

Bonamiosis is also listed as having been reported from Greece & Kuwait.

Haplosporidiosis

(1) Haplosporidium costale

(2) H. nelsoni

(1) Crassostrea virginica

(2) C. virginica, C. gigas

(1) USA (Long Island Sound, New York to Cape Charles, Virginia)

(2) USA (north Florida to Massachusetts and Maine)
1
Other species of the genus infect C. gigas, O. edulis, O. angasi, & Ruditapes decussatus.

Haplosporidiosis is also listed as having been reported from Australia, France, Japan, R.O. Korea, Kuwait, Martinique & the Netherlands.

Marteiliosis

(1) Marteilia refringens

(2) M. sydneyi

(1) Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea conchaphila; experimentally in C. virginica, O. edulis

(2) Saccostrea commercialis, possibly also S. echinata

(1) Greece, France, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain

(2) Australia (New South Wales, Queensland & Western Australia)
1
Other Marteilia spp. have been reported from a number of other bivalves.

Mikrocytosis

(1) Mikrocytos mackini

(2) M. roughleyi

(1) C. gigas, O. edulis, & O. conchaphila; experimentally in C. virginica

(2) S. commercialis

(1) Canada (west coast)

(2) Australia (NSW and Western Australia)
1
Unconfirmed Mikrocytosis is also listed as reported from C. gigas in Kuwait & the Pacific USA.

Perkinsosis

(1) Perkinsus marinus

(2) P. olseni

(1) C. virginica; also experimentally in C. gigas

(2) Haliotis ruber, H. cyclobates, H. scalaris & H. laevigata

(1) USA (east coast from Massachusetts to Florida), along the Gulf coast to Venezuela; Puerto Rico, Cuba,Brazil, Hawaii (introduced)

(2) South Australia
1
Some 50 species of molluscs, including Pinctada maxima, are infected by Perkinsis spp. without apparent pathogenicity.

This disease is also listed as reported from France, Italy, Japan, R.O. Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain. & Vanuata.

In the USA, the range of perkinsosis has recently extended into Delaware Bay, New Jersey, Cape Cod and Maine.

Iridovirosis (Oyster velar disease)

Iridoviruses

Crassostrea angulata, C. gigas

France, Portugal, Spain, USA (Washington State)
3
Listed as one of the "other significant diseases" by OIE (1997a) & by FAO/NACA, but not included in more recent OIE listings.

Crustacean Diseases

Taura Syndrome (TS)

Taura syndrome virus (TSV)

Penaeus vannamei; also infects P. stylirostris, P. setiferus, & P. schmitti; experimentally in P. aztecus, P. duorarum, P. chinensis, P. monodon & P. japonicus

Pacific coast of the Americas from Peru to Mexico (enzootic in cultured shrimp & occasionally found in wild P. vannamei), Atlantic, Caribbean & Gulf of Mexico coasts of the Americas (cultured shrimp, but not reported in wild stocks), Taiwan
1
An important disease of cultured penaeid shrimp in the Americas.

Recently reported from P. vannamei imported from Central America to Taiwan.

White spot disease (WSD)

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Penaeus spp.

Widespread in Asia & the Americas
1
Has recently been introduced from Asia to the Americas, where it is now the most important problem in shrimp culture in several Latin American countries.

Yellowhead disease (YHD)

Yellowhead virus (YHV)

Penaeus spp.

Southeast Asia, Latin America
1
Recently introduced from Asia to Latin America.

Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis (BMN)

Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus (BMNV)

Penaeus japonicus, P. monodon

Japan, Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines
2
Type C baculovirus (considered identical to BMNV) has been reported from P. monodon in Australia, Indonesia & the Philippines.

BMN has been experimentally transmitted to P. monodon, P. chinensis and P. semisulcatus.

Also listed as having been reported from Malaysia.

Nuclear polyhedrosis baculoviroses

(1) Baculovirus penaei (BP)

(2) Penaeus monodon-type baculovirus (MBV)

(1) Penaeus spp., Metapenaeus ensis

(2) Penaeus spp.

(1) Widespread in the Americas on both the Atlantic & Pacific coasts

(2) Australia, East Africa, the Middle East, many Indo-Pacific countries, South & East Asia; also in cultured shrimp in the Mediterranean & West Africa. In introduced P. monodon in the western hemisphere (Tahiti, Hawaii, & a number of shrimp-farming sites in North & South America & the Caribbean.)
2
MBV is particularly pathogenic to larval P. monodon.

BP is known to be pathogenic to larval P. vannamei, P. aztecus, P. duorarum & P. marginatus.

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)

Penaeus spp

Worldwide in cultured &/or wild shrimp (reported from cultured, but not wild shrimp in the Atlantic side of the Americas)
2
Causes acute epizootics & mass mortality only in P. stylirostris; also causes disease in P. vannamei and P. monodon.

Infections in other penaeid species have been observed without disease occurrence.

Crayfish plague

Aphanomyces astaci

Cambaridae (crayfish)

Widespread in Europe & North America
2
Pathogenic to all freshwater crayfish of non-North American origin. Highly susceptible species: Astacus astacus, A. leptodactylus, Austropotamobius pallipe, A.. torrentium,

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) have been experimentally infected.

North American species (Pacifastacus leniusculus & Procambarus clarki ) act as carriers but are affected only under adverse conditions.

Spawner-isolated mortality syndrome

Spawner-isolated mortality virus (SMV)

Penaeus monodon

Australia, Philippines
2

Gill associated virus

Gill associated virus (GAV)

Penaeus monodon

Australia
3
Listed in the OIE and FAO/NACA regional disease lists for the Asia-Pacific.

Comparison of DNA sequences suggests GAV & YHV are closely related strains or species.

Necrotising hepatopancreatitis

NHP bacterium

Penaeus aztecus, , P. californiensis, P. setiferus, P. stylirostris, P. vannamei

Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, USA (Texas), Venezuela
3
Cited on the NACA/FAO & OIE regional disease reporting form for the Asia and Pacific as an example of "Any other diseases of importance." Information from Lightner (1996)

Finfish Diseases

Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis (EHN)

(1) epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV)

(2) European sheatfish virus (ESV)

(3) European catfish virus (ECV)

(1) Perca fluviatilis, Oncorhynchus mykiss

(2) Silurus glanis

(3) Ictalurus melas

(1) Australia (mainland)

(2,3) Europe
1
As ESV &ECV share at least one antigen with EHNV, the OIE recently included these two viruses as causative agents of EHN.

EHNV is generally lethal to redfin perch; rainbow trout are usually resistant. Other species that have been infected experimentally include Macquaria australasica, Gambusa affinis, Bidyanus bidyanus & Galaxias olidus.

EHN has also been reported from Kuwait, Pakistan, Peru & Vanuatu.

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN)

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)

Oncorhynchus mykiss, O. tshawytscha, O. nerka, O. keta, O. masou, O. rhodurus, O. kisutch, Salmo salar

North America, Europe, the Far East
1
IHN was originally restricted to western North America, but has spread to Europe & the Far East with the human-mediated movements of salmonids.

Various non-salmonid fishes have been experimentally infected.

Also reported from Bolivia, Kuwait & Pakistan.

Oncorhynchus masou virus disease (OMVD)

Oncorhynchus masou virus (OMV)

Oncorhynchus masou, O. nerka, O. keta, O. kisutch, O. mykiss

Japan
1
Also reported from Kuwait & UK/Northern Ireland

Spring viraemia of carp (SVC)

Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV)

Cyprinidae, Silurus glanis

Continental Europe (countries having low water temperatures during winter)
1
Overt infections occur in Cyprinus carpio (most susceptible & principal host),Ctenopharyngodon idella,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Carassius carassius, C. auratus, Tinca tinca & Silurus glanis.

Young fish of various species have been experimentally infected.

Also reported from Great Britain, Bolivia & Kuwait, and as suspected, in Laos & Vanuatu.

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS)

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV)

Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta, Thymallus thymallus, Coregonus sp., Esox lucius, Gadus morhua, Dicentrarchus labrax, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Rhinonemus cimbrius, (Sprattus sprattus, Clupea harengus, Trisopterus esmarkii, Micromesistius poutassou, Merlangius merlangius Argentina sphyraena, Scophthalmus maximus

Continental Europe, the Atlantic Ocean & Baltic Sea
1
Important due to consequences to rainbow trout farming.

VHSV-like viruses isolated from Oncorhynchus spp., Gadus macrocephalus & Clupea pallasi in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, VHS continues to be considered a European-based disease, until the phylogenetic identities of the VHSV-like viruses which do not cause pathology in rainbow trout can be clearly established.

Also reported from Brazil, Kuwait, Malaysia & Pakistan.

Channel catfish virus disease (CCVD)

Channel catfish virus (CCV)

Ictalurus punctatus Also in I. catus (experimental) and I. furcatus (natural)

USA
2
Important due to consequences to channel catfish farming.

Exceptional occurrences reported for Honduras & the Russian Federation.

Enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC)

Edwardsiella ictaluri

Ictalurus punctatus. Also in Ameiurus catus, A. natalis, A. melas, I. nebulosis, Clarias batrachus, & several ornamental species. Experimental in other species, including salmonids

USA, Thailand
2
Important due to consequences to channel catfish farming in the USA.

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER)

Nodaviridae (striped jack nervous necrosis virus and others)

Marine fishes belonging to at least 22 species from 11 families; most affected species include Lates calcarifer, Dicentrarchus labrax, Epinephelus akaara, E. fuscoguttatus, E. malabaricus, E. moara, E. septemfasciatus, E. tauvina, Pseudocaranx dentex, Seriola dumerili, Oplegnathus fasciatus, Takifugu rubripes, Verasper moseri, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Paralichthys olivaceus,& Scopthalmus maximus

Mediterranean, Pacific & Australia (almost worldwide except for the Americas & Africa)
2
Causes losses of larval and juvenile cultured marine fishes.

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN)

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)

Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus spp., Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo trutta)

Most if not all major salmonid farming countries of North & South America, Europe & Asia; South Africa
2
IPNV or serologically related viruses have been detected in a wide variety of marine, anadromous & freshwater fishes.

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA)

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV)

Salmo salar; carriers include S. truttae, Oncorhynchus mykiss & Clupea harengus

Canada (Atlantic coast), Faroe Islands, Norway, United Kingdom
2
Important disease of cultured Atlantic salmon.

Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)

Aphanomyces invadans

Over 50 fresh- & brackish water fishes belonging to various families & genera

South, Southeast & West Asia, Japan, Australia
2
Although there is still some debate as to the primary cause of EUS, the OIE case definition requires the presence of Aphanomyces (see OIE 1997b).

Outbreaks of ulcerative disease in Brevoortia tyrannus in the USA are very similar to EUS in Asia.

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)

Renibacterium salmoninarum

Salmonidae

North America, Japan, western Europe, Chile
2
Also reported from Turkey.

Several marine &freshwater non-salmonids have been shown to be carriers or infected experimentally.

Piscirickettsiosis

Piscirickettsia salmonis

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O. kisutch, O. masou, O. mykiss , O. tshawytscha, Salmo salar

Canada, Chile, Ireland, Norway, USA
2
An important disease of cultured salmonids.

Gyrodactylosis of Atlantic salmon

Gyrodactylus salaris

Salmo salar. Also. susceptible are Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salvelinus alpinus, S. fontinalis, S. namaycush, Thymallus thymallus & Salmo trutta

Europe
2
Important due to its high pathogenicity to young wild & farmed Atlantic salmon.

Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD)

Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV)

Pagrus major, Seriola quinqueradiata, Lateolabrax sp., Oplegnathus fasciatus

Japan
2
An important disease of red seabream and other cultured marine fishes in Japan.

A serologically and genetically related iridovirus was isolated from Epinephelus malabaricus from Thailand.

A similar disease seriously damaged stocks of 20 species of cultured marine fish (Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes & Tetradontiformes) in southwestern Japan

White sturgeon iridoviral disease (SIV)

White sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV)

Acipenser transmontanus, A. gueldenstaedii, A. baeri; also experimental in A. fluvescens

Europe, North America
2
Causes significant mortalities of farm-raised juvenile white sturgeon in North America and Russian sturgeon in Europe.

Angullicoliosis

Anguillicola crassus

Anguilla anguilla, A. japonica, A. rostrata

East Asia, Egypt, Europe, USA
3
An important pathogen of cultured & wild European eels.

Neobenedeniosis

Neobenedenia girellae

various marine fishes

China, Japan, Indonesia, USA (Pacific)
3
Introduced from Hainan and Hong Kong China to Japan due to importation of amberjack fry.

Never reported among Japanese marine fishes prior to 1991.

Currently 14 marine finfishes are known to be susceptible.

Now affecting cultured groupers in the Asian region.

Whirling disease

Myxobolus cerebralis

Oncorhynchus mykiss; also infects other salmonids including Oncorhynchus spp., Salvelinus spp., Thymallus thymallus, Hucho hucho

Europe, New Zealand, South Africa, USA
3
Currently a serious pathogen of wild rainbow trout in the western USA.

1 = notifiable to the OIE, 2 = other significant disease, 3 = not listed by the OIE

Sources

APEC/FAO/NACA/SEMARNAP. 2000. Report of a Joint APEC/FAO/NACA/SEMARNAP Ad-Hoc Expert Consultation on 'Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Pathogen Transfer and Development of Harmonised Standards on Aquaculture Health Management, 24-28 July 2000, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico.

Information on OIE-listed diseases was extracted from the Office International des Epizooties' International Aquatic Animal Health Code (OIE 1997a), the OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases (OIE 1997b), the OIE website, and the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) OIE International Database on Aquatic Animal Diseases.

Historical or suspect distributional records contained in the OIE International Database on Aquatic Animal Diseases are not included.

Important Transboundary Aquatic Animal Diseases¹
Disease	Pathogen	Susceptible Hosts	Geographic Distribution²	OIE Status³	Remarks
Molluscan Diseases
Bonamiosis	(1) Bonamia ostrea (2) Bonamia sp.	(1) Ostrea edulis, O. conchaphila, O. puelchana, O. angasi & Tiostrea chilensis (2) O. angasi, O. denselammellosa & T. chilensis	(1) France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom (not Scotland), USA (California, Maine, Washington State) (2) Australia, New Zealand	1	All species of Ostrea & Tiostreas and other ostreids are considered susceptible. Bonamiosis is also listed as having been reported from Greece & Kuwait.
Haplosporidiosis	(1) Haplosporidium costale (2) H. nelsoni	(1) Crassostrea virginica (2) C. virginica, C. gigas	(1) USA (Long Island Sound, New York to Cape Charles, Virginia) (2) USA (north Florida to Massachusetts and Maine)	1	Other species of the genus infect C. gigas, O. edulis, O. angasi, & Ruditapes decussatus. Haplosporidiosis is also listed as having been reported from Australia, France, Japan, R.O. Korea, Kuwait, Martinique & the Netherlands.
Marteiliosis	(1) Marteilia refringens (2) M. sydneyi	(1) Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea conchaphila; experimentally in C. virginica, O. edulis (2) Saccostrea commercialis, possibly also S. echinata	(1) Greece, France, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (2) Australia (New South Wales, Queensland & Western Australia)	1	Other Marteilia spp. have been reported from a number of other bivalves.
Mikrocytosis	(1) Mikrocytos mackini (2) M. roughleyi	(1) C. gigas, O. edulis, & O. conchaphila; experimentally in C. virginica (2) S. commercialis	(1) Canada (west coast) (2) Australia (NSW and Western Australia)	1	Unconfirmed Mikrocytosis is also listed as reported from C. gigas in Kuwait & the Pacific USA.
Perkinsosis	(1) Perkinsus marinus (2) P. olseni	(1) C. virginica; also experimentally in C. gigas (2) Haliotis ruber, H. cyclobates, H. scalaris & H. laevigata	(1) USA (east coast from Massachusetts to Florida), along the Gulf coast to Venezuela; Puerto Rico, Cuba,Brazil, Hawaii (introduced) (2) South Australia	1	Some 50 species of molluscs, including Pinctada maxima, are infected by Perkinsis spp. without apparent pathogenicity. This disease is also listed as reported from France, Italy, Japan, R.O. Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain. & Vanuata. In the USA, the range of perkinsosis has recently extended into Delaware Bay, New Jersey, Cape Cod and Maine.
Iridovirosis (Oyster velar disease)	Iridoviruses	Crassostrea angulata, C. gigas	France, Portugal, Spain, USA (Washington State)	3	Listed as one of the "other significant diseases" by OIE (1997a) & by FAO/NACA, but not included in more recent OIE listings.
Crustacean Diseases
Taura Syndrome (TS)	Taura syndrome virus (TSV)	Penaeus vannamei; also infects P. stylirostris, P. setiferus, & P. schmitti; experimentally in P. aztecus, P. duorarum, P. chinensis, P. monodon & P. japonicus	Pacific coast of the Americas from Peru to Mexico (enzootic in cultured shrimp & occasionally found in wild P. vannamei), Atlantic, Caribbean & Gulf of Mexico coasts of the Americas (cultured shrimp, but not reported in wild stocks), Taiwan	1	An important disease of cultured penaeid shrimp in the Americas. Recently reported from P. vannamei imported from Central America to Taiwan.
White spot disease (WSD)	White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)	Penaeus spp.	Widespread in Asia & the Americas	1	Has recently been introduced from Asia to the Americas, where it is now the most important problem in shrimp culture in several Latin American countries.
Yellowhead disease (YHD)	Yellowhead virus (YHV)	Penaeus spp.	Southeast Asia, Latin America	1	Recently introduced from Asia to Latin America.
Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis (BMN)	Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus (BMNV)	Penaeus japonicus, P. monodon	Japan, Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines	2	Type C baculovirus (considered identical to BMNV) has been reported from P. monodon in Australia, Indonesia & the Philippines. BMN has been experimentally transmitted to P. monodon, P. chinensis and P. semisulcatus. Also listed as having been reported from Malaysia.
Nuclear polyhedrosis baculoviroses	(1) Baculovirus penaei (BP) (2) Penaeus monodon-type baculovirus (MBV)	(1) Penaeus spp., Metapenaeus ensis (2) Penaeus spp.	(1) Widespread in the Americas on both the Atlantic & Pacific coasts (2) Australia, East Africa, the Middle East, many Indo-Pacific countries, South & East Asia; also in cultured shrimp in the Mediterranean & West Africa. In introduced P. monodon in the western hemisphere (Tahiti, Hawaii, & a number of shrimp-farming sites in North & South America & the Caribbean.)	2	MBV is particularly pathogenic to larval P. monodon. BP is known to be pathogenic to larval P. vannamei, P. aztecus, P. duorarum & P. marginatus.
Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis	Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)	Penaeus spp	Worldwide in cultured &/or wild shrimp (reported from cultured, but not wild shrimp in the Atlantic side of the Americas)	2	Causes acute epizootics & mass mortality only in P. stylirostris; also causes disease in P. vannamei and P. monodon. Infections in other penaeid species have been observed without disease occurrence.
Crayfish plague	Aphanomyces astaci	Cambaridae (crayfish)	Widespread in Europe & North America	2	Pathogenic to all freshwater crayfish of non-North American origin. Highly susceptible species: Astacus astacus, A. leptodactylus, Austropotamobius pallipe, A.. torrentium, Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) have been experimentally infected. North American species (Pacifastacus leniusculus & Procambarus clarki ) act as carriers but are affected only under adverse conditions.
Spawner-isolated mortality syndrome	Spawner-isolated mortality virus (SMV)	Penaeus monodon	Australia, Philippines	2
Gill associated virus	Gill associated virus (GAV)	Penaeus monodon	Australia	3	Listed in the OIE and FAO/NACA regional disease lists for the Asia-Pacific. Comparison of DNA sequences suggests GAV & YHV are closely related strains or species.
Necrotising hepatopancreatitis	NHP bacterium	Penaeus aztecus, , P. californiensis, P. setiferus, P. stylirostris, P. vannamei	Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, USA (Texas), Venezuela	3	Cited on the NACA/FAO & OIE regional disease reporting form for the Asia and Pacific as an example of "Any other diseases of importance." Information from Lightner (1996)
Finfish Diseases
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis (EHN)	(1) epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) (2) European sheatfish virus (ESV) (3) European catfish virus (ECV)	(1) Perca fluviatilis, Oncorhynchus mykiss (2) Silurus glanis (3) Ictalurus melas	(1) Australia (mainland) (2,3) Europe	1	As ESV &ECV share at least one antigen with EHNV, the OIE recently included these two viruses as causative agents of EHN. EHNV is generally lethal to redfin perch; rainbow trout are usually resistant. Other species that have been infected experimentally include Macquaria australasica, Gambusa affinis, Bidyanus bidyanus & Galaxias olidus. EHN has also been reported from Kuwait, Pakistan, Peru & Vanuatu.
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN)	Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)	Oncorhynchus mykiss, O. tshawytscha, O. nerka, O. keta, O. masou, O. rhodurus, O. kisutch, Salmo salar	North America, Europe, the Far East	1	IHN was originally restricted to western North America, but has spread to Europe & the Far East with the human-mediated movements of salmonids. Various non-salmonid fishes have been experimentally infected. Also reported from Bolivia, Kuwait & Pakistan.
Oncorhynchus masou virus disease (OMVD)	Oncorhynchus masou virus (OMV)	Oncorhynchus masou, O. nerka, O. keta, O. kisutch, O. mykiss	Japan	1	Also reported from Kuwait & UK/Northern Ireland
Spring viraemia of carp (SVC)	Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV)	Cyprinidae, Silurus glanis	Continental Europe (countries having low water temperatures during winter)	1	Overt infections occur in Cyprinus carpio (most susceptible & principal host),Ctenopharyngodon idella,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Carassius carassius, C. auratus, Tinca tinca & Silurus glanis. Young fish of various species have been experimentally infected. Also reported from Great Britain, Bolivia & Kuwait, and as suspected, in Laos & Vanuatu.
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS)	Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV)	Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta, Thymallus thymallus, Coregonus sp., Esox lucius, Gadus morhua, Dicentrarchus labrax, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Rhinonemus cimbrius, (Sprattus sprattus, Clupea harengus, Trisopterus esmarkii, Micromesistius poutassou, Merlangius merlangius Argentina sphyraena, Scophthalmus maximus	Continental Europe, the Atlantic Ocean & Baltic Sea	1	Important due to consequences to rainbow trout farming. VHSV-like viruses isolated from Oncorhynchus spp., Gadus macrocephalus & Clupea pallasi in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, VHS continues to be considered a European-based disease, until the phylogenetic identities of the VHSV-like viruses which do not cause pathology in rainbow trout can be clearly established. Also reported from Brazil, Kuwait, Malaysia & Pakistan.
Channel catfish virus disease (CCVD)	Channel catfish virus (CCV)	Ictalurus punctatus Also in I. catus (experimental) and I. furcatus (natural)	USA	2	Important due to consequences to channel catfish farming. Exceptional occurrences reported for Honduras & the Russian Federation.
Enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC)	Edwardsiella ictaluri	Ictalurus punctatus. Also in Ameiurus catus, A. natalis, A. melas, I. nebulosis, Clarias batrachus, & several ornamental species. Experimental in other species, including salmonids	USA, Thailand	2	Important due to consequences to channel catfish farming in the USA.
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER)	Nodaviridae (striped jack nervous necrosis virus and others)	Marine fishes belonging to at least 22 species from 11 families; most affected species include Lates calcarifer, Dicentrarchus labrax, Epinephelus akaara, E. fuscoguttatus, E. malabaricus, E. moara, E. septemfasciatus, E. tauvina, Pseudocaranx dentex, Seriola dumerili, Oplegnathus fasciatus, Takifugu rubripes, Verasper moseri, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Paralichthys olivaceus,& Scopthalmus maximus	Mediterranean, Pacific & Australia (almost worldwide except for the Americas & Africa)	2	Causes losses of larval and juvenile cultured marine fishes.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN)	Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)	Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus spp., Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo trutta)	Most if not all major salmonid farming countries of North & South America, Europe & Asia; South Africa	2	IPNV or serologically related viruses have been detected in a wide variety of marine, anadromous & freshwater fishes.
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA)	Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV)	Salmo salar; carriers include S. truttae, Oncorhynchus mykiss & Clupea harengus	Canada (Atlantic coast), Faroe Islands, Norway, United Kingdom	2	Important disease of cultured Atlantic salmon.
Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)	Aphanomyces invadans	Over 50 fresh- & brackish water fishes belonging to various families & genera	South, Southeast & West Asia, Japan, Australia	2	Although there is still some debate as to the primary cause of EUS, the OIE case definition requires the presence of Aphanomyces (see OIE 1997b). Outbreaks of ulcerative disease in Brevoortia tyrannus in the USA are very similar to EUS in Asia.
Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)	Renibacterium salmoninarum	Salmonidae	North America, Japan, western Europe, Chile	2	Also reported from Turkey. Several marine &freshwater non-salmonids have been shown to be carriers or infected experimentally.
Piscirickettsiosis	Piscirickettsia salmonis	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O. kisutch, O. masou, O. mykiss , O. tshawytscha, Salmo salar	Canada, Chile, Ireland, Norway, USA	2	An important disease of cultured salmonids.
Gyrodactylosis of Atlantic salmon	Gyrodactylus salaris	Salmo salar. Also. susceptible are Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salvelinus alpinus, S. fontinalis, S. namaycush, Thymallus thymallus & Salmo trutta	Europe	2	Important due to its high pathogenicity to young wild & farmed Atlantic salmon.
Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD)	Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV)	Pagrus major, Seriola quinqueradiata, Lateolabrax sp., Oplegnathus fasciatus	Japan	2	An important disease of red seabream and other cultured marine fishes in Japan. A serologically and genetically related iridovirus was isolated from Epinephelus malabaricus from Thailand. A similar disease seriously damaged stocks of 20 species of cultured marine fish (Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes & Tetradontiformes) in southwestern Japan
White sturgeon iridoviral disease (SIV)	White sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV)	Acipenser transmontanus, A. gueldenstaedii, A. baeri; also experimental in A. fluvescens	Europe, North America	2	Causes significant mortalities of farm-raised juvenile white sturgeon in North America and Russian sturgeon in Europe.
Angullicoliosis	Anguillicola crassus	Anguilla anguilla, A. japonica, A. rostrata	East Asia, Egypt, Europe, USA	3	An important pathogen of cultured & wild European eels.
Neobenedeniosis	Neobenedenia girellae	various marine fishes	China, Japan, Indonesia, USA (Pacific)	3	Introduced from Hainan and Hong Kong China to Japan due to importation of amberjack fry. Never reported among Japanese marine fishes prior to 1991. Currently 14 marine finfishes are known to be susceptible. Now affecting cultured groupers in the Asian region.
Whirling disease	Myxobolus cerebralis	Oncorhynchus mykiss; also infects other salmonids including Oncorhynchus spp., Salvelinus spp., Thymallus thymallus, Hucho hucho	Europe, New Zealand, South Africa, USA	3	Currently a serious pathogen of wild rainbow trout in the western USA.
*1 = notifiable to the OIE, 2 = other significant disease, 3 = not listed by the OIE*