Adaptation strategies
Natural variation obscures effects An overarching concern is that society will not recognize the effects of climate change because the natural variability of the marine environment and fisheries production is so great. Only in the last few years has it become clear that there are climate patterns of a decadal scale that affect production on a ocean basin scale, perhaps even globally for some species. Will global climate affect the frequency of these natural oscillations, or change their magnitude? At present, there is no answer. However, society has the opportunity to monitor the environmental changes and learn about their effects, so that better production forecasts can be made for the use of fisheries managers. Positive and negative effects Whether or not the climate changes, there are several actions that can be considered. Most important among the strategies are those needed to promote sustainability and are useful and practical, even in the absence of climate change. Further, when developing strategies, we need to consider both the problems and the opportunities that are being presented. Changes in stocks Foremost for capture fisheries is the development of national and international scale resource management regimes, and associated monitoring systems, that are able to compensate for shifting amounts and distribution of fisheries. Great advances have been made in recent decades to develop ocean-wide and regional fishery management bodies. More work needs to be done in building their effectiveness, including the ability to deal with stocks that move between national borders and between EEZs and the open ocean. These bodies need to consider both the conservation of the species and the welfare of the people who depend on them for income and for food. It is much easier to reach agreement on shifting stocks before the change takes place. Coastal zone management In near-coastal areas, it is important to consider the needs of fisheries, and marine species in general, when designing coastal zone management plans or specifications to cope with a changing climate. For example, if coastal protection measures against a rising sea include coastal dams, there can be no inland movement of beaches and marshes that are critical to many species' reproduction. Careful planning is necessary to meet the needs of marine life and of coastal infrastructure and agriculture. Human Health, Harmful Algal Blooms, & Pollution Adaptations To reduce the possibility of impacts on humans and on marine life from a possible increased prevalence of marine pathogens and toxins such as cholera, ciguatera and red tides, health authorities should consider increased monitoring and prospective actions that might be taken. The possible actions may include reducing the nutrients entering the marine environment. Authorities also to be alert to the release of pollutants due to a rising sea level Use of aquaculture In some situations, aquaculture may be useful as a vehicle to stabilize food supplies and employment. With careful consideration of the impacts, it could also be used in its ocean ranching form, as when young fish are released into the ocean for growth and later harvesting to augment wild stocks. Research Foster interdisciplinary research, with scientists meeting periodically to exchange information on observations and research results, and meeting with managers to ensure the proper interpretation of results and the relevance of research. Infrastructure adaptations In responding to shifting populations and species, it is expected that the industry will respond with faster, longer range fishing craft, install on-board processing equipment, or use floating processors when feasible, and find alternative means of transport when coastal roads are flooded, and relocation is not possible. Governments should also consider constructing and maintaining appropriate infrastructure for storm forecasting, signalling systems and safe refuges for dealing with possible rising sea level and increased storminess. There may be opportunities to take advantage of reduced need for ice strengthening of vessels and infrastructures in a warmer climate, except perhaps for areas with increased icebergs. Aquaculture In adapting to climate change, aquaculturists should consider the following (Everett et al., 1995): Warming will mean generally longer growing seasons and increased rates of biological processes&emdash;and often of production. Warming will require greater attention to possible oxygen depletion. In some areas, the species grown may have to shift to those more tolerant of warmer and perhaps less-oxygenated waters. Coastal culture facilities may need to consider the impacts of sea-level rise on facilities and the freeing of contaminants from nearby waste sites. Competing wild fisheries production (and indeed, agriculture) may not vary much at the world level, but there could be significant regional changes in quantity and species mix. Precipitation, freshwater flows, and lake levels will likely change. Strong regional variations are likely. Warming waters could introduce disease organisms or exotic or undesired species before compensating mechanisms or intervention strategies have become established. Less ice cover and thinner ice will generally mean less ice damage to facilities and a longer season for production and maintenance. Covering culture tanks, or keeping them indoors under controlled light, may be needed more often to protect larvae from solar UV-B. Several of the above and other factors, such as competing demand for coastal areas, may argue for technological intensification in ponds and non-coastal facilities.   Prepared by John Everett Fishery Resources Division   reference source Everett, J.T., E. Okemwa, H.A. Regier, J.P. Troadec, A. Krovnin, and D. Lluch-Belda (1995): Fisheries. In: The IPCC Second Assessment Report, Volume 2: Scientific-Technical Analyses of Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change (Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 31 pp.   Top		Coastal zone management needs to be taken into consideration when dealing with climate change Courtesy of NOAA   Buoys measure ocean temperature at varying depths as part of a research project Courtesy of NOAA For larger image click here links Environmental variability additional reading Everett, J.T. (1997): Fisheries and Climate Change: the IPCC Second Assessment, in Developing and Sustaining World Fisheries Resources: The State of Science and Management (Hancock, D.A., D.C.Smith, A. Grant, and J.P. Beumer (eds.) Proceedings of the Second World Fisheries Congress, Brisbane. Everett, J.T. and H.S. Bolton (1996): Lessons In Climate Change Projections and Adaptation: From One Living Marine Resource to Another, in Proceedings: Cetaceans and Climate Change Symposium, International Whaling Commission. reference source